The wide bandgap semiconductors' crystal structure:

The wide bandgap semiconductors' crystal structure:

 In the sense that it is more "economical" to duplicate an elementary structure indefinitely rather than construct it at each step, the periodicity of crystal structures, which was more thoroughly discussed in a previous article, can be understood in terms of "computational economics." The crystalline structures that are most important to the physics of semiconductor devices are examined in this article.

The ties that bind. covalent connection:

Essentially, a crystal is an organizationally closed and energetically open structure (think of the well- known phenomenon of crystal growth, if not even the famous time crystals).

Understanding the nature of the cohesive forces that carry out the internal organisation of such a structure between the various atoms/ions (or molecules) is crucial. As atoms are created,We anticipate that the aforementioned forces will have an electrostatic nature because they are made of electrically charged particles (electrons and protons; Coulomb's law). In actuality, additional forces—typically those brought on by quantum effects—of a different kind also come into play. The Pauli exclusion principle, which in the case of electrons establishes that the single quantum state can be inhabited by at most one electron, is referred to in this sentence. The quantum state of a single electron also includes the electron spin in addition to the energy, which determines the electron's "orbit" in the quantum sense. Pauli's principle permits up to two electrons to exist in each orbit, one with spin up and the other with spin down, because the electron can only exist in up or down states.

Frantically searching for an electron:

If certain criteria are met, it is simple to comprehend how a covalent bond might extend to other atoms. When two atoms A and B form a valence bond, a third atom C with only one electron in the outermost orbital cannot form a covalent link with A+B as they are already involved in this kind of bond. We shall use deceptive but effective language to

a covalent connection is created between two hydrogen atoms.

Figure 1 shows a covalent link created by two hydrogen atoms (Source: Kittel C., Introduction To Solid State Physics).

Let's say that neither A nor B has an unpaired electron to pair with C's. We will refer to the covalent bond as saturated in technical terms. But A+B+C is the result of the composite structure A+B+C if A (or B) has unpaired electrons.